Education Role in the United States Essay Example for Free

Training Role in the United States Essay Since the commencement of our country, training has assumed a significant job in the United States. Republican and Democrats can both concur that training is total important in out nation. As of late, the government has assume responsibility for the states obligations. The instruction framework was first set out for the states duty however the government has taken over.so, with educaiton being the one of the polices in the plan, george bramble passes the No Child Left Behind act. This law was placed into influence to ensure that all understudies are discovering sucess in school. while, this demonstration has an intantion the actâ had fizzle and has really caused hurt than great.

Learning to Lead Change Free Essays

Figuring out how to Lead Change†¦ â€Å"The easiest meaning of leadership† says Peter Senge, of learning association acclaim, â€Å"is the capacity to create change. † Does your association need to assemble change authority ability? There’s a major accentuation now on administration, not simply ordinary administration abilities. One explanation is a developing acknowledgment that in the midst of progress, when frameworks are precarious and fates are dubious, it’s pioneers we need †not chiefs. We will compose a custom paper test on Figuring out how to Lead Change or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now At the point when you come it down, administration itself is to a great extent about driving individuals through change. Pioneers are the key drivers of progress. They assume a basic job in planning individuals for it, and afterward driving them through it. Regardless of what your particular occupation, administrators wherever now should be more change-proficient. Associations these days anticipate that individuals should step out of their useful job and handle an impressive exhibit of changes as a feature of their day by day work †frequently with little groundwork for it. In a word, we as a whole need to become change pioneers. Regardless of whether you present the change †a superior strategy, a help conveyance improvement, upgrading work, consolidating work units, planning another product offering or presenting another bit of innovation †or whether it’s forced on you, the capacity to oversee change and get it going quickly and easily is one of the keys to hierarchical essentialness, restoration and achievement. What's more, figuring out how to lead change is one of the basic abilities that underscores fruitful usage. To be able to: Identify when change is required and continually fabricate their own and other’s ability to learn, adjust and change Translate change activities into working dreams and procedures staff discover intelligible and need to sign onto Design practical working environment change and improvement techniques individuals can work with Communicate unmistakably about change in manners individuals can comprehend Reduce vulnerability and convert uneasiness, refusal and opposition into productive change vitality Build energy, make duty, get individuals enthusiastically mode at that point encourage them through change Many supervisors ignore the need to create change capacities in themselves or in others. Their suspicion frequently seems like this: ‘I’ve been dealing with this association for quite a long time †so I absolutely realize how to transform it! ‘ What associations every now and again neglect to see is that the aptitudes to fabricate change aut hority capacity are altogether different to those expected to deal with a business in ordinary operational mode. Regular administration abilities, sound as they might be, simply don’t convert that effectively into successful change authority capacities. New aptitudes are required yet relatively few see this. Back to top Key practice territories for empowering change†¦ Here’s a rundown of key practice zones for empowering change†¦ They between associate. Changes in a single move through to all the others†¦ Learning to Lead Change: Put just authority is often about driving individuals through change. Pioneers are key drivers of progress and initiative learning should concentrate solidly on the basic job pioneers play in getting ready, and directing individuals through change so as to make change pioneers †those with the capacity to impart plainly about change in manners individuals can comprehend, shape a dream they can sign onto, gather speed, make responsibility, get individuals without hesitation and afterward encourage them through it. Encouraging Change: is a job for both change pioneers and groups. It includes being equipped for driving group exercises, receiving a help job to lead change groups and moving from mental models of ‘managing’, ‘organising’ or ‘controlling’ to being facilitators bearing setters. Utilizing Culture: Very little changes except if the way of life it’s occurring in gets tended to †the propensities, suspicions and shared mental models conveyed without anyone else and others. This includes detecting the present culture, surveying how steady or not this is for change results you imagine and figuring out how to use and work with the way of life to get these change results. Advancing Change Participation: Promote contribution in and obligation regarding overseeing change forms. Our inclination for support depends on perception and experience that on the off chance that you include others in mutually figuring out what and how to transform, it is bound to be effective than forced change. This includes working out approaches to include individuals †both support inside your change group or target gathering and with partners outside it. Building Change Capacity: What limits do we have to work so as to change effectively? This incorporates singular abilities, apparatuses and disciplines you and your change group needs to create change empowering limit and the assets expected to help change †unmistakable and ‘in’. It likewise includes assembling longer term change ability by installing great practices in the work/learning propensities for individuals affected by changes. Frameworks Redesign: When things change, old work frameworks, procedures and techniques need to change as well. One explanation change fizzles is an absence of expertise or refusal to change old work designs, frameworks, structures and mental models that disrupt everything. At whatever level, change pioneers continually search for progressively inventive, proficient and adaptable methods of re-arranging work procedures and strategies to address ever-changing improvement difficulties. All change heads need to figure out how to be frameworks redesigners. Change Leaders need Tools: Without devices, managing thoughts remain un-actioned. Pioneers need new instruments and procedures to make a positive commitment to these progressively adaptable and liquid types of learning on the off chance that they are to utilize figuring out how to change and react all the more rapidly to progressive change difficulties. Our authority learning underscores being straightforward about the devices we use and infusing explicit learning devices into the change training/activity learning process for individuals to give it a shot and examination with. Checking Change: This includes creating approaches to tell whether genuine change and improvement has occurred; recognizing markers and procedures to assess whether our change activities and procedures have had a genuine effect and refocus if changes aren’t working. Instructions to refer to Learning to Lead Change, Essay models

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice EssayThe QuestionThe people we work with have many different characteristics and all of them affect the quality of our time at work. Of the following, what do you think is the most important quality for a boss or supervisor to have?a serious attitude about their worka lot of related experiencea tendency to always tell the truthYou may choose more than one. Use specific details and examples in your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayPeople today spend an enormous amount of time at their workplace, and how much they enjoy that time reallydependson the attributes of their supervisor. I am of the opinion that there are two main characteristics of a good boss, which are his attitude and his experience . I will explore these two factors in the following essay.First of all, we are more likely to learn from a supervisor who is very experienced in their field. When we are just starting out in our career we absorb new information like sponges, and even older workers can learn from supervisors who have a lot of related experience. My own personal history is a compelling example of this. When I began working as a teacher ten years ago, my supervisor, Simon, had been working in education for more than ten years. I was just out of college and knew very little about creating effective lesson plans, engaging with students or even how to complete my paperwork. Simon took the time to show me what he had learned over the previous decade, and therefore I was soon able to keep up with my office mates. In contrast, when I moved to a new school earlier this year, my supervisor actually had less experience teaching than I did. Moreover, when I struggled with certain aspects of my job, he couldn’t suggest ways to improve. As a result, my professional development slowed down.Secondly, a serious boss is more likely to maintain a positive office environment. This is because they encourage the people under them to act professionally. For instance, my sister once told me that her first job was difficult because of how toxic her office was. Workers often gossiped, tried to avoid doing their duties and even arrived late. This was acceptable because most of the supervisors in the firm behaved in the exact same way. My sister was miserable because she prides herself on her diligence and her ability to complete her tasks with care and enthusiasm. If her bosses had been more serious, this would not have happened.In conclusion, I believe that experience and seriousness are the hallmarks of a good supervisor. This is because we can learn a lot from a knowledgeable boss, and because employees will strive to emulate a supervisor who acts with professionalism. (387words)Note:This is a sampl e TOEFL independent essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for independent essays. If it is useful, please remember that we havemany more sample essaysfor you to read!

Academic Achievement - 7009 Words

1 Text 1-1 1.1 1.2 Academic Achievement This unit will help you: use your prior knowledge to help you understand what you are reading; practice reading for a specific purpose; make decisions about the relevance of a text in terms of reading purpose; read selectively in order to use appropriate information from the text. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The topic of this unit concerns factors that may lead to improvement in academic performance among students. It is based on three major research projects carried out in the United States. The influence of class size on academic achievement (157–159) Task 1: Predicting text content Think about what factors can have an influence on the academic achievement of the students in a school, college, or†¦show more content†¦The following activity will provide practice in this important skill. 5.1 Look at line 119 of Text 1-1. What information or idea in the text do the words these findings refer to? a) The US Department of Education b) The National Assessment of Educational Progress c) Project STAR Study tip An effective reader makes use of referencing in a text to gain a clear understanding of what the author wishes to convey. 20 English for academic study Academic Achievement 5.2 What other words or phrases (lines 119–148) refer to the same data? a) b) 5.3 (line number (line number ) ) 1 What reasons do the writers give for ignoring the data? Complete the list below, using a similar note form. a) b) c) d) e) 5.4 What factors, according to the writers, made Project STAR better than other poorly designed studies? Complete the list below, using a similar note form. a) b) c) d) e) Text 1-2 A case study: Shining star (p. 160) Task 6: Reading a text for closer understanding (1) 6.1 What general point is made in the first paragraph of Text 1-2 (lines 1–11)? Find a short phrase that best summarizes this conclusion. Reading Writing 21 21 6.2 In the second paragraph, which of the following benefits of smaller classes do Finn and Achilles (1990) identify in their review of the project? Answer true or false and add the line number from where you found the answer. a) BetterShow MoreRelatedRelationships Between 5 After School Activities And Academic Achievement Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesCritique â€Å"Relationships Between 5 After-School Activities and Academic Achievement† Psych 103 Prof. Cornelia Rea October 22, 2016 Logan Roberts The article â€Å"Relationships Between Five After-School Activities and Academic Achievement† by Harris Cooper, Jeffery C. Valentine, James Lindsay, and Barbara Nye, was published in the Journal of Educational Psychology in 1999, and it delves into how various after-school activities impact academic performance. Specifically, the study researched how homeworkRead MoreSocioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement2509 Words   |  10 Pagesin students’ community have a strong impact on academic achievement. For example, English (2002) found that approximately half of the difference in test score can be attributed to demographic factors such as income, parents’ education attainment, and urban influence, rather than the schools (Lubienski, 2002). Low SES can have a negative impact on American children’s educational attainment. Poverty can explain 15% of the deviation in student academic performance in the United States. Although theRead MoreAcademic Achievement Of Graduate Education1116 Words   |  5 PagesMany undergraduate nursing programs aim to fulfill many pathways into the nursing career while inspiring early achievement of graduate education. The undergraduate programs share multiple commonalities, the differences are visible in the structure of the courses structure and the contents (Billings Halstead, 2016, p. 135). The first curriculum model of training created in the late nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth centuries was the Diploma programs. At first the program was associated withRead MorePeer Pressure Towards Negative Behaviour and Classroom Quality Effects on Academic Achievement2678 Words   |  11 Pagesof behavior and achievement through peer pressure and classroom quality (Adams, Ryan, Ketsetzi s, and Keating, 2000). The main question the researcher is curious is about understanding the effects of environmental factors towards children. How could peer pressure affect the behavior of children; and to what extent does it influence children? What about the quality of classroom and how can it be applied to maximize and promote better conditions for children in academic achievement? It is believed thatRead MoreEssay1013 Words   |  5 PagesThere are multiple educators who analyze learner’s strengths, capabilities ahead of distinctive modifications and accommodations. The ensuing present level of Academic achievement also functional performance (PLAAFP) will include Ana capabilities, evaluation, achievement in classes, impact of vocabulary, lifestyle, also family background. Additionally her strengths, preferences, interest in nonacademic areas; along with any other relevant issues. Read MoreEssay1013 Words   |  5 PagesThere are multiple educators who analyze learner’s strengths, capabilities ahead of distinctive modifications and accommodations. The ensuing present level of Academic achievement also functional performance (PLAAFP) will include Ana capabilities, evaluation, achievement in classes, impact of vocabulary, lifestyle, also family background. Additionally her strengths, preferences, interest in nonacademic areas; along with any other relevant issues. Read MoreAcademic Achievement - Document944 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Academic Achievement is the most important skill in every student’s life. It helps us to discover more about the theories and certain known facts and also to develop our personal growth. Academic study is a way of exploring, addressing and expressing ideas and a way of communicating results and enjoys learning. The aims of Academic Study are to focus in becoming a well qualified degree holder, developing skills, knowledge and even to enjoy learning. It requires hard work, self-disciplineRead MoreStress And Academic Achievement Between Blue Ribbon Schools Vs. Non Purple Ribbon School1433 Words   |  6 Pages Stress and Perfectionism in Academic Achievement Between Blue Ribbon Schools vs. Non-blue Ribbon Schools Erin Altenberger Northern Kentucky University â€Æ' Abstract â€Æ' Stress and Perfectionism in Academic Achievement Between Blue Ribbon Schools vs. Non-blue Ribbon Schools Damian, Stoeber, Negru, and Baban (2014), describes perfectionism as endeavoring for flawlessness and setting extremely high standards for oneself. There is not just one type of perfectionism; there are in fact threeRead MoreGender, Contingencies of Self-Worth, and Achievement Goals as Predictors of Academic Cheating in a Controlled Laboratory Setting1010 Words   |  5 PagesContingencies of Self-Worth, and Achievement Goals as Predictors of Academic Cheating in a Controlled Laboratory Setting† Study Objective: In this research, experimenters were curious as to see how gender differences related to cheating. Based off this the experimenters further evaluated how competition and virtue played an affect on how little or how much one might cheat. As noted in the title, â€Å"Gender, Contingencies of Self-Worth, and Achievement Goals as Predictors of Academic Cheating in a ControlledRead MoreDiscipline And Their Effectiveness On Academic Achievement Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesDiscipline Referrals and their effectiveness on Academic Achievement Introduction Do using discipline referrals as a frequent classroom management philosophy increase student achievement scores? In today’s schools there are many theories about how to effectively handle a classroom. Teachers are given options across the educational discipline spectrum, but ultimately are given the choice about how to effectively handle their own classroom management. One potential step in handling classroom discipline

A New School - Original Writing - 1798 Words

I walked into a new school, in a new town. I was barely seven years old and I didn’t know what life is going to be like from there on out. Loaded down with pencils, paper, and pages one to one hundred of the Crayola catalog, I wandered into the big brown building and down the pale blue halls to find my classroom. I stumbled upon the room labeled 2E to find a score of other children talking about how the summer went and where they went on vacation. A petite young teacher walked over to greet me and my mother; she directed me to my desk and sat me next to a young girl. The seats were labeled in alphabetical order: Guerrero, Hobbick, Hodges. The girl seated next to me bubbles with excitement and asks me my name, saying she’s never seen me†¦show more content†¦A once pleasant, friendly girl was now irritated and annoyed that a foreign boy had invaded the space between her and her best friend. I stood isolated and alone in the big room surrounded by strangers while the two chattered around me. â€Å"Lindsey, Casey, it’s the first day. I do not want to separate the two of you already.† The two girls looked at the rubber floor and turned to the boy who had made them speak louder than they needed to before. The two girls saw only a barrier between them, a 38th parallel of friendship stood between them. The young girl who once greeted me with a friendly smile, now wanted nothing to do with me. I stood surrounded by other students, but I was alone in unfamiliarity of the new school. Five years went by, and life was no longer solitary; it was fun again. I knew everybody there, and people liked me now. However, I didn’t know what seventh grade would bring with it. And, what it did bring was the best thing to ever happen to me. The little girl who shot icicles through me on my first day became my best friend. She’d grown up just like I had and a mild friendship grew with us. One late night in December, I sat in my bedroom of the old country farmhouse. The house had no central air conditioning so the thermometer crept further and further toward fifty degrees on those cold winter nights. As I sat in bed looking through my phone underneath all of the blankets. I found the girl’s number and grounded up theShow MoreRelatedMy New School - Original Writing1890 Words   |  8 PagesI finally stepped into my new school, in an unfamiliar town. I had just turned seven years old and I was unsure about what life is going to be like from there on out. Loaded down with pencils, paper, and pages one to one hundred of the supplies from the Crayola catalog, I wandered into the towering brown building and down the pale blue halls to find what would be my classroom for the next nine months. 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However, as you got older you probably realized that you used the skills you learned in English almost every day. From writing reports, to presenting, to job interviews, English skills remain relevant, and necessary throughout life. What if English classes began focusing on real life skillsRead MoreFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1274 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst draft with your heart. You rewrite with your head. The first key to writing is... to write, not to think† (Finding Forrester (2000)). A powerful quote to that accurately depicts the powerful storyline of 2000 drama film, Finding Forrester. Set in modern-day New York City, Jamal Wallace (Rob Brown), a sixteen-year-old child genius is faced with the challenge of choosing academics or playing basketball at his remedial school i n the Bronx. Jamal internal conflict is answered by socially awkward,Read MoreThe English Language Arts Curriculum1453 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Arts Curriculum Essay Do you remember being in high school and always wondering how the things you learned would ever be useful in the real world? This thought probably occurred very often in English class, while reading Shakespeare and learning to write research papers. However, as you got older you probably realized that, although you may not quote Othello regularly, or write Facebook posts in iambic pentameter, you did use the writing and presentation skills you learned in your professionalRead MorePortfolio Reviewers : My Experience Before English 2201 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesPortfolio Reviewers: My experience before English 2201 in intensive. I walked across that stage in high school because I completed my senior project. In order to graduate, you had to earn a certain overall grade for the project. I based my research off the argument that video games do not cause violence in adolescences. Stakes were so high; I was left with no choice but to try my hardest to apply my intuition and energy into this project. I had a brief semester to manifest a 12-page paper, and aRead MoreThe English Language Arts Curriculum1446 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Arts Curriculum Essay Do you remember being in high school and always wondering how the things you learned would ever be useful in the real world? This thought probably occurred very often in english class while reading Shakespeare and learning to write research papers. However as you got older you probably realized that although you may not quote Othello regularly, or write facebook posts in iambic pentameter, you did use the writing and presentation skills you learned in your professionalRead MoreWhy Plagiarism Is Be Unethical And Immoral919 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Avoid Plagiarism in Professional Writing Professional writing demonstrates critical and creative thinking based on knowledge experience and research. When conducting professional writing it is important to avoid plagiarism at all cost. All schools have a plagiarism policy. For Union University in specific, plagiarism is listed under their Academic Integrity page and it states that not knowing is not an excuse. Plagiarism is considered to be unethical and immoral regardless of who commitsRead MoreAvoiding Plagarism737 Words   |  3 Pagesacts by a writer to use the exact words from the reference and present them as his or her original thought. Plagiarism usually occurs when the writer has been asked to do a research on a certain topic. In this case, after the writer has identified the best or most suitable reference that suites the question, he or she writes the exact words that the author has used in the reference or source as his original reflection, suggestion or view (Brandes, 2012). While there is nothing wrong w ith using otherRead More Plagiarism and the Internet Essay683 Words   |  3 Pages Plagiarism and the Internet A recent study of 500 middle and high school students by Dr. Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers professor and authority on academic dishonesty, revealed that half the students felt it was okay to have parents do their homework. Plagiarism is an extremely controversial issue, whether copying other students work in grade school or getting information from a document on the Internet, plagiarism plagues the minds of the youth of today. The question is how far will students take

A Story of Three Progressives Free Essays

string(67) " and more than likely offers little or no intrinsic satisfactions\." A Story of Three Progressives Three classic theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber have discussed and analyzed the complexity of modernization. Modernization is a broad concept that refers to major social changes which occur when a pre-industrial society develops economically and the workplace shifts from the home to the factory (industrialization), people move from farms into cities where jobs are available (urbanization), and large-scale formal organizations emerge (bureaucratization). Each of these sociologists have developed major theoretical and methodological statements on the topic of modernization and many of their theories that were made a century or two ago still hold true today. We will write a custom essay sample on A Story of Three Progressives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beginning with Karl Marx, an extreme revolutionary of the 19th century, he argued that modernization is an ascendancy of industrial capitalism. His idea of modernity was shaped by three developments in history: the French revolutions of 1789 and 1848, the industrial and agricultural revolutions in Britain, and the collapse of the church’s intellectual credibility. Despite living his life when most of Europe was still agricultural and artisanal; most European states were still dominated by monarchical power; and most Europeans still went to church, Marx understood industrial labor and some of its future effects. Marx depicts modernization as a capitalist society working as a system, in which each group or individual works to fulfill the need of another. As soon as an individual enters a capitalist society, he is socialized into a certain role or behavior which fulfills the needs of that society (role meaning either a proletariat or a capitalist). For instance, if an individual is a proletariat he must work for a capitalist to satisfy the needs of the society. (cite communist manifesto somewhere). This division between the proletarians and the capitalists are enforced for the benefit of the owners so that they can exploit the working class for their own means, but the working class does not resist because this system has become normalized. The two classes work as a â€Å"team† and through a hierarchy create a productive society. Overall, Marx thinks of modernization as a world where individuals rely on each other to function, and each individual is assigned a role. Next, Emile Durkheim stressed that modernization involves an increased division of labor (specialized economic activity), and a shift from mechanical to organic solidarity. This academic discusses division of labor as a necessary tool for a productive society, but it is also a natural occurrence. Durkheim proceeds from the concept that the division is an organic outgrowth of a society in which different people have different interests and skills. Therefore, a society in which individuals specialize in producing a good or service will be more efficient than a society that is generalized. Durkheim’s view of modernization explains that iindividuals no longer perform the same tasks, have the same interests, nor necessarily share the same perspectives on life. But, Durkheim makes it clear that this does not cause a society to fail or disintegrate, instead organic solidarity is formed. Similar to the organs within a body, individuals perform certain specific functions, but rely on the well-being and successful performance of other individuals. If one organ fails, the rest of them fail as well. A body, or in this case a society, cannot function at all if one part crumbles. This reliance upon each other for social (and even physical) survival is the source of organic solidarity and the modern world’s interdependency in a society. Lastly, Max Weber analyzed modernization as the replacement of tradition with rationality. He felt that society will become more complicated, specialized, professionalized, and stratified in the modern world. Prayer and religion will no longer be aspects that fix and/or help solve problems. Science will be the rational way of thought and will be the dominate way of finding a solution. Specialization will result in professionalism, which in turn will bring more order to the modern world as every segment of every job will have a â€Å"specialist†. In general, modernization to Weber meant society will be controlled by managers and experts, and rationality will dictate the way of life. Each of these theorists have strong opinions on modernization and developed what they believe will be the effects of it in the future. Between Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, various theoretical arguments have been made, each being extremely progressive thoughts for the time period they lived in. Karl Marx thinks modernization leads to both good and bad outcomes. One outcome modernization leads to is alienation. Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism, in which both the capitalist and proletariat become isolated. This theory is based upon his observation that, in emerging industrial production, under capitalism, workers inevitably lose control of their lives and selves in not having any control of their work. Thus, workers never become autonomous, self-realized human beings in any significant sense. Karl Marx attributes four types of alienation in labor under capitalism. The first type is when the worker becomes alienated from his own human potential. The workplace is no longer a place of fulfillment, but instead where the worker feels the least human and the least like himself. Ultimately, the worker becomes a machine that is controlled. The next type of alienation occurs between workers. This happens because capitalism reduces labor to a commodity to be traded on the market, rather than a true social relationship. Even if a worker is side by side another worker, he is unlikely to communicate with him due to the nature of capitalism (e. . an assembly line using technology does not allow one to speak with a fellow worker). Thirdly, the worker becomes alienated from the product itself. This occurs because the capitalist class controls the worker and in turn owns the product. In fact, a worker must buy the product he makes for the same price as anyone else. Lastly, a worker becomes alienated from the entire production process. This means that the actua l work becomes mindless, meaningless, and more than likely offers little or no intrinsic satisfactions. You read "A Story of Three Progressives" in category "Papers" Similarly, a worker who performs a very specialized task may not even know what the final product will be. Another outcome Marx believes modernization leads to is social stratification. Social stratification means that working class people are not likely to advance socioeconomically, while the wealthy people may continue to exploit the proletariat generation after generation. Marx identified that the social classes are stratified based on their connection to the means of production and therefore the ruling class, bourgeoisie, and proletarians, maintain their social positions by maintaining their elationship with the means of production. This maintenance of status quo is achieved by various methods of social control employed by the bourgeoisie within many aspects of social life (e. g. religion). Marx also strongly believed modernization would cause products and/or commodities to have exchange value. This meant that instead of products being used immediately, they would be exchanged in the market for money or other objects. This use value is connected to the relationship between human needs and tangible objects that can satisfy those needs. For instance, shoes have the purpose of protecting ones feet and bread has the use value of satisfying hunger. If an individual chooses to trade one of these objects for the other than he has given each an exchange value. According to Marx, the various exchange values of commodities reflect the various amounts of labor, measured in time, that their production requires. Commodities and their use value lead to Marx’s idea on the â€Å"fetishism of commodities. † This is when the commodity takes on its own form. This can be something an individual produces or even one’s own labor. One’s own labor can even become a commodity, as it bought and sold and therefore requires an exchange value. This idea also relates to alienation mentioned above. A workers labor is used by the capitalist to make the objects that ultimately come to dominate the workers. Hence, commodities are the source of alienation because workers produce for the sake of others instead of for their own purposes and needs. Similarly, the fetishism of commodities can be interpreted into the concept of reification. Reification is the process of coming to believe that humanly created social forms are natural, universal, and absolute things. This implies that people believe that social structures are beyond their control and unchangeable. Marx believed capitalism would cause reification to occur and create a self-fulfilling prophecy in which structures actually do become the character others believe they are. This concept demonstrates that capitalism will not only lead to objects given value, but people as well. Marx also feels that modernization leads to wants becoming needs, and needs reating more needs. In other words, the satisfaction of one’s needs can lead to the creation of new needs. Ritzers example for this is how the production of cars satisfied the need for long-distance travel, but led to a new need for highways. Also, at one time people did not feel they needed cars when the car was first invented, but nowadays most people feel they need them. Therefore, Marx concluded that la bor occurs in response to needs, but the labor itself transforms needs, which can lead to new forms of productive activity. One final thought Karl Marx thought capitalism would create was a proletariat revolution. Because the capitalist exploit the workers, Marx believed that sooner or later the proletarians would fight back. As capitalism progresses more and more people become workers, and less people become capitalists. Marx thought that with increasing numbers of workers, more resistance to exploitation and oppression would occur, ultimately leading to a confrontation and revolution. Despite these thoughts, Marx felt that capitalism was a step in the right direction. The birth of capitalism opened up new possibilities for freedom of workers and provides possibility for freedom from the traditions from previous societies (pre capitalism). Though, Marx was an advocate of Communism and believed this was the answer to a change in mode of production. Next, Emile Durkheim has theories on the effects of modernization as well. First, Durkheim believes modernization leads to dynamic density. Over time, societies go through a transition from being more primitive/mechanical, to being more modern/organic; the difference lying in the source of their solidarity, or what holds them together (Ritzer, 2007). The cause of this transition is an increase in dynamic density. One may think the solution to this problem is to have a growing or increasing population, but this is not sufficient enough to create change in the division of labor. The reason for this is that individuals and small groups of people can live in relative isolation from one another and still perform most of the tasks necessary for survival themselves, no matter how big the overall population gets (Ritzer, 2007). Therefore, a growing population must also increase the frequency with which people interact within and between social groups. This increase in dynamic density is likely to cause a division of labor and the transformation of social solidarity. As mentioned above, Durkheim developed two terms: mechanical and organic solidarity. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity means a unified one in which every person is a generalist. This society is held together because each individual is engaged in a similar activity as the another, and can therefore relate with each other. Contrasting, organic solidarity is held together by the differences among people and the fact that each individual has a different job or task. Durkheim believed that modern society was one in which there are a narrow range of tasks and many people must work in order to survive. Therefore, modern society is held together by the specialization of people and their need for the services of many others. Unfortunately, according to Durkheim, this means that modern societies have weaker shared understandings, norms, and beliefs than primitive ones, but are more likely to be cohesive from the division of labor. Along with dynamic density, Durkheim was concerned about the moral â€Å"health†of modern society. He felt that morality was connected with society and therefore society could not be immoral, but it could possibly lose its moral force if the collective interest of society became nothing but self-interests of individuals. Durkheim also felt that people were in risk of a â€Å"pathological† loosening of moral bonds (Ritzer, 2007). Without this, people would be in search of more and more gratification, leading to more and more needs. Every human being will want more and society will start to not limit these needs. Durkheim called this the â€Å"insatiable desire† that modernization would endure. In summary, Durkheim debates in The Division of Labor that moral solidarity has changed in modern society and that modern society allows for more interdependence and closer, less competitive relations. Lastly, Max Weber thinks modernization leads to a variety of outcomes. The first outcome of modernization is bureaucracy. How to cite A Story of Three Progressives, Papers

Report the Effect of Daily Treatment with Uv Light of Turf Grass Greens Infected by Sclerotinioria Homoeocarpa and Microdochium Nivale Essay Example

Report: the Effect of Daily Treatment with Uv Light of Turf Grass Greens Infected by Sclerotinioria Homoeocarpa and Microdochium Nivale Essay The effect of daily treatment with UV light of turf grass greens infected by Sclerotinioria homoeocarpa and Microdochium nivale. Introduction In the Netherlands, golf is increasing in popularity and the present golf courses are occupying 7300 hectares in total (Zibb: Portal voor ondernemers. Tips, tools en het laatste nieuws). Turf grasses are plants that are made very susceptible to infection by fungi because of their prerequisites. Especially the greens have high demands: The grass should be kept very short and has to form a smooth surface with as little unevenness as possible. Every time the grass is mowed, the plants are mechanically wounded and are therefore more easily penetrated by fungi. Throughout the year, turf grasses are dealing with a lot of different fungi, which all have a different ideal combination of factors to infect the grass. Sclerotinioria homoeocarpa or Dollarspot and Microdochium nivale or Snow Mold are the most common fungi and cause severe infections of greens. Dollarspot occurs from early spring till late autumn over the whole world. Many species of turf grasses are susceptible to these fungi. We this fungus infects the grass, small, circular, straw coloured spots occur. These can reach a width of 15 cm (Couch, 3th edition). The fungus can be spread by human, animals, wind and water and gets active when dew occurs on the edge of the grass. Wet leaves also favourable for the fungus. (Smiley et al, 3th edition). Snow mold can occur in every month of the year and doesn’t exactly need a snow cover in order to be present. This fungus grows in cold and humid weather conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Report: the Effect of Daily Treatment with Uv Light of Turf Grass Greens Infected by Sclerotinioria Homoeocarpa and Microdochium Nivale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report: the Effect of Daily Treatment with Uv Light of Turf Grass Greens Infected by Sclerotinioria Homoeocarpa and Microdochium Nivale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report: the Effect of Daily Treatment with Uv Light of Turf Grass Greens Infected by Sclerotinioria Homoeocarpa and Microdochium Nivale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In autumn and winter, when the grass doesn’t grow as fast or not at all, it is extremely susceptible to snow mold (Smiley et al, 3th edition). Many fungicides are used by golf keepers, but these are costly and often environmental damaging substances. Moreover, fungicides can only be used in restricted amounts in order to avoid that the fungi adapt genetically to and detoxify those chemicals. Making use of resistant cultivars is another approach but is not durable, because fungi can adapt themselves easily and their resistance is mostly broken within a few years. UV light can damage and kill many micro organisms (figure 1). From research done by Wageningen University, it was proven that UV-C light can reduce the germination of spores of Phytophthora infestans (Kessel and Forch, 2006). Analogous, this would be also suitable for Sclerotinioria homoeocarpa and Microdochium nivale. Figure 1. The effect of UV light on the DNA of living organisms. When the applied dose is high enough, the DNA helix is destroyed or gets damaged, so in the end, the DNA is dysfunctional. (American Air Water ®, Inc. UV Disinfection Systems). With field trails, we want to test if a daily applied dose of UV light will reduce the symptoms of Dollar spot and snow mold. Field trials The field trials that are described in this report were conducted in October 2007 on a green of a golf court in Geijsteren and in November 2007 in Andersteijn. The green keepers cooperated by applying the UV light daily on the test plots of the greens. The Greens-Cleaner was put behind a gator and a few minutes before the treatment the lamps were turned on in order to function properly. The dose of UV we applied was †¦.. determined by former experiments †¦ Field trial in Geijsteren (Dollarspot) Set up of the field trial The first trial was done on a green in Geijsteren, the Netherlands, where symptoms of Dollarspot could be clearly distinguished (figure 2). This trail was mainly conducted to determine the optimal duration of UV application: long enough to reduce the symptoms of the fungus, but not too long in order not to damage the gras s. Figure 2. Symptoms of Dollarspot on the green in Geijsteren. In this trail, 7 plots of equal size were marked. UV light was daily applied by the green keeper on 6 plots during two weeks. One plot was used as a control, so was not treated (figure 3). Every few days, pictures were taken to compare if reduction of the symptoms occurred. In the second week, the grass was not mowed anymore because of the start of the winter period, when the grass doesn’t grow for a while. Figure 3. Field trial in Geijsteren. In the green (circle), seven plots were marked. The applied dose of UV light was: 30 s, 45 s, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min and 4 min. One plot was used as a control(C). This plot was not treated. Results From the first field experiment, the ideal dose was determined to use an as low as possible dose UVC light as possible. Discussion This experiment was done to determine whether a daily treatment of 15 seconds of the green with the Greens-cleaner, reduces the symptoms of fungal diseases. One should take notice that these experiments, done in autumn, have a less clear effect then when the experiments would have been done in spring or summer. In these months, more sunlight is present and the length of the light period is longer than in autumn or winter. Therefore, grasses can’t grow as vigorously and can only recover very slowly from a pathogen attack. An important fact is that dew is amelioration the conditions for fungi to spread between plants by water. The ideal combination to prevent fungi from spreading though the green and to reduce the symptoms is to make use of a combined machine of a sweeper with the Greens-cleaner attached to it. It should be taken into account that the Greens-cleaner is an environmental friendly, durable manner to reduce the symptoms on greens, when applied daily, from the moment on when the first symptoms of a fungal disease are present. Field trial in Andersteijn (Snow mold) Set up of the field trial The purpose of this trial, done in Andersteijn, the Netherlands, was to find out if the Greens Cleaner, also effective on a green where Snow Mold is present (figure 4). Another thing that was considered was if a daily treatment of 15 seconds with UV light is sufficient to reduce the symptoms. ? Figure 4 Symptoms of Snow mold on the green in Andersteijn. In total, five plots were marked on the green and three indications were made to point the position of the tripod. During two weeks, the treatment with UV light was conducted between 13. 00 and 13. 30 h. Four plots were daily treated for 15 seconds with UV light with the Greens Cleaner and one plot was not treated and was the control (figure 5). Straight afterwards, a picture was taken from the same position every day (figure 6). Figure 5 Field trial in Andersteijn. In the green (circle), five plots were marked. Plots 1-4 were daily treated for 15 seconds with UV light. One plot was used as a control(C). This plot was not treated. Figure 6 Indication of the position of the tripod on the green in Andersteijn. Results In this field trial, differences were seen between the treated and non-treated plots, but it was not clear whether there was a true reduction of the symptoms on the treated plots, because of the season. Discussion Many fungi that are harmful to turf grasses occur on the surface of the plant. Treating infected greens with the Greens Cleaner is an environmental friendly and durable method to treat fungi like Dollarspot and Snow mold. When symptoms of fungi appear a daily treatment with the Greens Cleaner can be applied. It is not clear yet how many seconds the grass has to be treated because the duration of an effective treatment to destroy the fungus and its spores depend on the type of fungus. It is also important that when the Greens Cleaner is used in spring and summer, the reduction of the symptoms will be much clearer than in autumn and winter. The reason for this is the reduction of daylight and temperature from autumn on. The grass will therefore not be able to fulfil photosynthesis as effective and won’t grow and recover as fast as in spring or summer. This is also the reason why grass is not mowed from late fall onwards. Plants can recover only slowly after infection by pathogens, even if the mycelium of the fungus is destroyed by UV treatment. When dew is present, the conditions for the production and spread of spores of Dollarspot and Snow mold are very favourable, so a combination of the Greens Cleaner with a sweeper would be an appropriate manner to reduce the activity of fungi on turf grass. The Greens Cleaner destroys the mycelium and mostly spores of fungi and the sweeper can prevent the spread of the surviving spores via dew. Experiments will be done that are statistically correct to attribute the treatments randomly, which will give more detailed conclusions. This survey will be done in spring, so we can look how fast the turf grass recovers form the disease symptoms of fungi after UV treatment. Literature list 1American Air Water ®, Inc. UV Disinfection Systems. http://www. americanairandwater. com/uv-facts/germicidal-uv. tm Gevonden op 8-12-2007. 2Couch, H. B. Diseases of turfgrasses 3e editie. 3Kessel, G. J. T and Forch, M. G. Effect of UV-exposure on germination of sporangia of Phytophthora infestans. (2006) Plant Reseach International B. V. , Wageningen 4Smiley, R. W, Dernoeden, P. H, Clarke, B. B. Compendium of turfgrass diseases, 3e editie 5Zibb: Portal voor ondernemers. Tips, tools en het laatste nieuws. http://www. zibb. nl/web/Bedrijfsvoering/management/Nieuws/Management-nieuwsbericht/Aantal-golfbanen-explosief-gestegen. htm Gevonden op 8-12-2007